1. Terms and Conditions of Employment
1.1 What are the main sources of employment law?
The primary source of employment law in Egypt is the Egyptian Labour Law No. 14 of 2025 (“ELL”), which took effect on September 1, 2025, superseding ELL No. 12 of 2003. Beyond the ELL, additional sources of employment law include the Civil Code (Articles 674–698), ministerial decrees and executive regulations issued by the Ministry of Manpower, ratified international conventions, and Egyptian Constitution (notably Articles 12, 13, 14, 17 and 27). Article 229 of the ELL further clarifies the scope of sources that adjudicators must consider when resolving employment disputes by requiring them to consider the applicable national legislation, ratified international conventions, principles of natural law, custom, and social justice, in light of the prevailing economic and social conditions of the establishment’s location.
1.2 What types of worker are protected by employment law? How are different types of worker distinguished?
Under the ELL, workers in the private sector are generally protected, including foreign employees working in Egypt unless their individual or collective contracts contain a specific provision stating otherwise. Article 1 identifies only two categories excluded from the law’s scope: employees of the State, including those in local administrative units and public authorities; and domestic workers and those in comparable roles. All other workers fall within the...
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