Work and the labor market dominate conversations across Egypt. This year has marked a turning point, with a comprehensive new labor law designed to keep pace with today’s economic realities.
Classified under Article 121 of the Egyptian Constitution as a “complementary law to the Constitution,” the Labor Law governs one of the country’s most fundamental rights. On May 3, 2025, Egypt’s Official Gazette published the landmark legislation following President Abdel-Fattah El-Sisi’s ratification.
The sweeping reform, officially titled Law No. 14 of 2025, emerged from extensive consultations led by the Ministry of Labor before winning approval from the House of Representatives in April 2025. Its 298 articles represent Egypt’s most ambitious labor reform in decades, modernizing workplace protections to align with contemporary economic and social developments.
President El-Sisi hailed the legislation as “a qualitative leap in the journey of workers’ rights” during Labor Day celebrations at the Suez Steel Company, emphasizing how the law strengthens job protections, advances women’s rights, and brings Egyptian labor standards closer to international benchmarks.
Set to replace the long-standing Labor Law No. 12 of 2003, the new legislation takes effect on September 1, 2025, 90 days after its official publication.
Birth of Labor Organizing
At the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century, Egypt did not yet have legal legislation regulating labor...
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