Confidence in whistleblowing is inconsistent across defence, a new review has found.
Commissioned by defence ministers, the Whistleblowing in Defence Review, gives 13 recommendations across themes including 'culture and trust' and 'support and anonymity'.
It investigated the effectiveness of existing policies and procedures for raising concerns within the Armed Forces.
It found confidence in whistleblowing is "not yet consistent across defence" and concluded, "confidence to speak up is shaped less by the existence of policy or routes, and more by culture, trust and leadership behaviour as encountered in practice".
The review also highlighted that there is confusion among users about "where to take different types of concerns".
Whistleblowing is another term for 'raising a concern', according to officials.
It is usually seen as acting in the public interest to report something that is fundamentally wrong, illegal or endangers others, rather than addressing a personal dispute.
Personal complaints are looked after by the Service Complaint system. They can include bullying, harassment, discrimination and biased, improper or dishonest behaviour.
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